Yooj yim txoj cai? Tsuas yog tsis muaj dab tsi txog cov roj teeb no yog qhov yooj yim thaum koj pib khawb rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, uas kuv tab tom yuav ua vim kuv pab tsis tau kuv tus kheej.
Vim li cas ho muaj lithium? (Ntawm no yog qhov uas kuv ntxhov siab)
Element tooj 3. Hydrogen, helium, lithium. Qhov ntawd yog qhov kev txiav txim. Super me me atom vim nws tsuas muaj 3 protons.
Thiab ntawm no yog qhov hais txog lithium - nws yeej xav kom tshem tawm nws cov hluav taws xob sab nraud. Zoo li desperately xav. Nws yog hom tsis ruaj khov li ntawd. Koj puas paub cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov neeg pov cov sodium rau hauv dej thiab nws fizzes thiab ntes hluav taws? Lithium ua li ntawd tab sis TSIS MUAJ. Kuv tau saib ib tug neeg poob ib thooj ntawm lithium hlau rau hauv lub thoob dej ib zaug ntawm kev ua qauv qhia kev nyab xeeb hauv xyoo 2011 (los yog 2012?) thiab nws ua siab ncaj zoo txaus ntshai npaum li cas nws tshwm sim. Lub thoob melted.
Tos tsis tau, lub thoob tsis yaj. Cov dej boiled thiab cov lithium ntes hluav taws rau saum npoo. Lub thoob zoo. Kuv nco yog shit.
Xijpeem taw tes yog: ntshiab lithium hlau yog txaus ntshai. Yog vim li cas niaj hnub lithium - ion roj teeb tsis siv cov lithium hlau ntshiab - lawv siv lithium IONS. Twb tau oxidized lithium. The Li+ form. Txoj kev ruaj khov dua.
Qhov hluav taws xob koj tau txais yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 3.6-3.7V ib lub xov tooj uas tsim nyog. Zoo tshaj alkaline (1.5V) lossis NiMH (1.2V). Txhais tau hais tias koj xav tau tsawg lub hlwb los ntaus koj lub hom phiaj voltage. Yog vim li cas koj lub laptop roj teeb muaj 6 lub hlwb tsis zoo li 15.
Kuj - thiab kuv yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov no thawj zaug - lithium yog LIGHT. Thib peb lightest element. Yog li koj tau txais lub zog siab ceev yam tsis muaj qhov hnyav hnyav. Yog vim li cas EVs siv lithium-ion thiab tsis lead-acid. Lub roj teeb - kua qaub nrog tib lub zog yuav hnyav li 5-6 npaug ntxiv. Koj Tesla yuav xav tau lub forklift hloov lub roj teeb.
Cov khoom siv tiag tiag (buckle li no tau txais technical)
Anode (tsis zoo sab):
Feem ntau graphite. Yog, tib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv xaum, tsuas yog txoj kev purer thiab ua txawv.
Graphite muaj cov qauv siv lead ua txheej txheej no - xav txog lub lawj ntawm daim npav ntawm qib atomic. Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tau tuav ua ke los ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog van der Waals (high school chemistry rov qab los haunt koj). Lithium ions tuaj yeem plam ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab tsuas yog ... dai rau ntawd. Cov lus qhia yog "intercalation" tab sis kuv xav txog nws zoo li cov tsheb nres hauv ntau qhov chaw nres tsheb - zaj dab neeg.
Theoretical max peev xwm yog 372 milliamp-hours per gram. Tiag - ntiaj teb koj tau txais 340-360 mAh / g yog tias qhov kev tsim khoom tsis nqus. Kuv tau pom cov hlwb los ntawm qee lub tuam txhab Suav uas tuaj yeem ntaus 310 mAh / g. Tsis mus sau npe tab sis yog tias koj rov sau cov ntawv hauv "BYD" koj tau txais ... ok Kuv tabtom sau npe. Lawv cov hlwb thaum ntxov yog ntxhib. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau zoo dua txij li xyoo 2018.
Tam sim no txhua leej txhua tus tseem tham txog silicon anodes vim hais tias silicon muaj peev xwm theoretically tuav 10x ntau lithium tshaj graphite. Suab amazing txoj cai? 3700+ mAh/g theoretical muaj peev xwm.
Qhov teeb meem - thiab qhov no yog qhov teeb meem uas tau "yuav daws tau" txij li thaum kuv pib hauv qhov kev lag luam no - yog silicon nthuav dav li ntawm 300% thaum koj lithiate nws. Cov lus hais tawg sib nrug. Xav txog qhov ua kom lub zais pa hauv ib lub pob zeb. Lub pob zeb tsis flex, nws tsuas yog tawg.
Tesla siv qee qhov silicon tam sim no, tov nrog graphite. Tej zaum 5-10% silicon? Kuv hnov nws yog 8% tab sis kuv yuav yuam kev. Point yog nws yog ib qho me me. Ntshiab silicon anodes tseem tsis tau npaj txawm tias txhua qhov pib ntawm Series A pitch lawj thov.
Cathode (sab zoo):
Oh tus tub. Qhov no yog qhov uas nws tau ntxhov vim tias muaj 6 qhov sib txawv cathode chemistry thiab txhua tus muaj kev xav txog qhov twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab lawv txhua tus tsis yog vim nws nyob ntawm koj daim ntawv thov.
Tus thawj ntawm Sony xyoo 1991 yog lithium cobalt oxide - LiCoO₂. Peb hu nws "LCO" luv luv. Lub zog ceev yog qhov zoo heev - 150-200 mAh / g nyob ntawm seb leej twg ua nws. Tab sis thermal stability yog txaus ntshai. Yog tias koj overcharge nws los yog kub dhau, cov qauv siv lead ua tso tawm oxygen. Oxygen + organic electrolyte + tshav kub=hnub phem. Koj lub xov tooj tej zaum yuav siv LCO tab sis vim hais tias cov xov tooj tsis tas yuav kav ntev li 10 xyoo thiab koj tsis ceev{13}} them rau ntawm 10C.
Tom qab ntawd muaj NMC - nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Nov yog qhov EVs feem ntau siv tam sim no. Qhov piv ntawm nickel rau manganese rau cobalt hloov pauv. Pib li 1: 1: 1 (qhov sib npaug). Tom qab ntawd cov neeg tsim khoom tsiv mus rau 5: 3: 2. ua 6:2:2. Tam sim no peb nyob nraum zoo li 8: 1: 1 lossis txawm 9: 0.5: 0.5 hauv qee qhov siab-kawg hlwb.
Vim li cas qhov kev hloov? Cobalt yog kim. Zoo li kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd feem ntau cobalt los ntawm DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) thiab qhov xwm txheej mining muaj ... nyuaj. Kev ua haujlwm rau menyuam yaus, tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb, kev ntxhov siab tag nrho. Yog li txhua leej txhua tus tau sim siv tsawg cobalt.
Ntau nickel=muaj peev xwm ntau dua tab sis tsawg dua thermal stability. Ntau manganese=pheej yig dua thiab ruaj khov tab sis muaj peev xwm tsawg dua. Ntau cobalt=ntau ruaj khov thiab lub neej voj voog zoo dua tab sis $$$ thiab teeb meem kev coj ncaj ncees.
Nws ib txwm ua lag luam- tawm. Ib txwm. Kuv tau muaj ntau qhov kev sib cav nrog cov neeg saib xyuas khoom txog qhov no. Lawv xav tau lub zog siab ceev thiab lub neej ntev mus ntev thiab tus nqi qis thiab kev nyab xeeb zoo. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv tej zaum ob. Tej zaum.
Tseem muaj NCA - nickel cobalt aluminium. Tesla siv qhov no rau ntau xyoo hauv lawv qhov ntev - pob khoom. Panasonic ua lawv ntawm Nevada gigafactory. Kuv mus ncig lub tuam txhab roj teeb sib txawv ib zaug - tsis yog qhov ntawd, tab sis tus neeg sib tw lub chaw - thiab chav qhuav ib leeg yog vwm. Lub tshuab tuav cua tej zaum yuav raug nqi $50+ lab. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau qis dua -40℃dew point lossis electrolyte ntsev absorbs noo noo thiab tsim hydrofluoric acid. HF yuav noj txhua yam. iav, hlau, pob txha. Cov khoom phem.
Oh thiab LFP - lithium hlau phosphate. Qhov no ua kom rov qab los. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, pheej yig dua ib kWh, thiab kav ntev dua. Kuv tau hnov txog LFP hlwb ua 5000+ mus rau 80% muaj peev xwm. Tej zaum txawm 6000. Qhov downside yog qis zog ceev - tsuas yog zoo li 120-140 mAh/g vs 180-200 rau NMC.
Tesla pib muab LFP rau hauv lawv Cov Qauv Ntau Yam Qauv 3s nyob ib ncig ntawm 2021. Suav lag luam tau txais lawv thawj zaug. Ua kom nkag siab - CATL yog LFP cov chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws thiab lawv nyob hauv Suav teb.
Qee tus neeg yws txog LFP qhov poob qis hauv huab cua txias. Nws phem tshaj NMC. Tab sis cov hlwb pheej yig dua thiab kav ntev dua yog li rau ntau daim ntawv thov nws tsim nyog rau kev lag luam tawm - tawm. Kuv yuav nqa LFP pob rau lub tsheb hauv nroog. Rau qhov ntev -ntau txoj kev loj cruiser tej zaum yuav tsis.
Electrolyte:
Qhov no yog cov kua hauv nruab nrab. Nws ua ions tab sis tsis yog electrons, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias yog nws ua electrons koj yuav cia li muaj ib tug luv luv Circuit Court.
Feem ntau nws yog lithium hexafluorophosphate - LiPF₆ - yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau yog sib xyaw ntawm ethylene carbonate (EC) thiab dimethyl carbonate (DMC) lossis diethyl carbonate (DEC).
Nov yog ib qho txawv txawv: EC yog khoom ntawm chav tsev kub. Melting point yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 36 degree. Yog li ntshiab EC yuav khov rau lub caij ntuj no. Tias yog vim li cas koj muab nws nrog DMC lossis DEC uas yog kua dej mus rau -70℃lossis txawm li cas los xij. Qhov sib tov nyob twj ywm kua hauv qhov tsim nyog.
Tsis tas li ntawd cov organic carbonates yog flammable. Tsis yog roj av-theem flammable tab sis twv yuav raug hu flammable. Kuv pom ib tug ntsia thawv nkag mus kuaj ib zaug uas peb txhob txwm tsav ib tug ntsia thawv los ntawm ib tug tag nrho them cell. Nws vented gas ua ntej - popping suab - ces nplaim taws tua tawm lub qhov qhov qhov. ncav cuag li 2 meters siab. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm tes tau mus txog 800℃raws li lub koob yees duab thermal.
Qhov ntawd yog qhov kev sim tswj nrog kev tua hluav taws thiab txhua yam. Txawm li cas los xij.
LiPF₆ ntsev yog hygroscopic li ntuj raug txim. Nyiam dej. Yog tias nws ntub nws hydrolyze rau hauv HF. Yog vim li cas cov roj teeb tsim tau tshwm sim hauv chav qhuav heev. Kuv tab tom tham dew point ntawm -40℃lossis qis dua. Lub tshuab dehumidification feem ntau yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws hauv lub Hoobkas ntawm tes.
Kuv tau mus xyuas ib lub tsev kho mob ib zaug uas chav qhuav qhuav heev ua pa. Koj lub qhov ntswg yuav qhuav tawm hauv feeb. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm nyob ntawd yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob tas li. Tsis yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo siab.
Separator:
Lub ntsiab lus tsis nco qab. Nws tsuas yog nyias nyias nyias nyias, tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev.
Feem ntau polypropylene (PP) lossis polyethylene (PE). Qee zaum trilayer nrog PP-PE-PP. Thickness feem ntau yog 20-25 microns. Yog nyias. thinner dua tib neeg cov plaub hau (70-100 microns).
Nws muaj microscopic pores - zoo li 100 nanometer txoj kab uas hla - uas cia ions los ntawm tab sis thaiv electrons. Tsis tas li ntawd nws khaws cov anode thiab cathode lub cev sib cais. Yog lawv kov=luv luv=tej yam phem tshwm sim sai.
Nco ntsoov Samsung Galaxy Note 7 hluav taws? 2016. Qhov ntawd yog ib feem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom sib cais. Samsung tsim lub roj teeb hnyav heev. Nyias dhau heev lawm, ntim nruj heev, tsis kam rau kev nthuav dav. Qee lub hlwb muaj lub separator nias nyuaj dhau ntawm ib lub ces kaum. Qhov chaw tsis muaj zog tsim. Nws thiaj li tau ib tug pinhole. Sab hauv luv. Thermal khiav. Hluav taws.
Lawv rov qab tau 2.5 lab lub xov tooj. Txwv tsis pub lub dav hlau. Tus nqi Samsung billions. Tag nrho vim yog ib daim ntawm cov yas nyias dua li ntawv.
Kuv muaj kev xav txog kev tsim roj teeb nruj heev. Cov neeg tsim khoom pheej thawb nyias thiab sib zog kom yeej qhov kev sib tw. Tab sis muaj qhov txwv. Physics tsis quav ntsej txog koj lub sijhawm tsim khoom.
Yuav ua li cas nws ua tau tiag tiag (qhov uas txhua tus hla)
Kev them nyiaj yug:
Koj ntsaws rau hauv koj lub xov tooj. Lub charger yuam electrons rau hauv lub anode thiab rub lawv los ntawm cathode. Qhov no ua rau cov cathode tso tawm lithium ions. Cov ions taug kev los ntawm electrolyte mus rau anode. Lawv tau intercalated rau hauv cov qauv graphite.
Xav txog nws zoo li compressing lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Cov lithium ions tsis xav kom nyob rau hauv lub anode lawm - lawv nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub cathode. Tab sis koj tab tom yuam lawv nyob ntawd los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob. Khaws lub zog.
Tshem tawm:
Koj tshem tawm thiab siv koj lub xov tooj. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav tawm. Lithium ions ntws rov qab mus rau cathode los ntawm electrolyte. Electrons ntws los ntawm koj lub xov tooj lub voj voog ntawm anode mus rau cathode. Electron flow powers koj lub cuab yeej.
Qhov voltage yog nyob ntawm chemistry thiab lub xeev ntawm tus nqi. Rau NMC lossis NCA:
Them tag nrho: ~ 4.2V
Nominal: ~ 3.7V
Tawm tawm tag nrho: ~ 3.0V
Tsis txhob mus qis dua 3.0V lossis koj pib plating lithium hlau uas yog qhov txaus ntshai. Tsis txhob mus siab dua 4.2V lossis koj yuav raug thermal khiav tawm. Yog vim li cas lub roj teeb tswj systems (BMS) muaj nyob. Lawv saib xyuas qhov voltage thiab kub thiab tam sim no thiab kaw cov khoom yog tias muaj dab tsi tsis raug.
Kev tsim BMS zoo yog qhov nyuaj. nyuaj heev. Koj xav tau lub sij hawm teb ceev ceev, muaj tseeb sensors, rov xyuas dua kev nyab xeeb. Ib qho pheej yig BMS yog ib txoj hauv kev ceev tshaj plaws los tig lub roj teeb uas tsim nyog rau hauv hluav taws kub.
Cov teeb meem (oh txiv neej muaj ntau yam teeb meem)
Teeb meem 1: Degradation yog inevitable
Txhua qhov kev them nyiaj- lub voj voog tawm ua rau lub roj teeb puas. Kev zam tsis tau. Thermodynamics.
Muaj qhov no hu ua SEI txheej - khoom electrolyte interphase - uas tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw anode. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub roj teeb ua haujlwm. Tab sis nws tseem loj hlob dhau sijhawm thiab siv lithium active. Tom qab 500 lub voj voog koj yuav muaj 90% muaj peev xwm sab laug. Tom qab 1000 tej zaum 80%. Tom qab 2000 ... nyob ntawm.
Kuv muaj MacBook los ntawm 2015 uas tseem qhia 78% roj teeb kev noj qab haus huv. Kuv me nyuam nws txawm tias - tsis tshua cia nws mus qis dua 40%, cia nws ntsaws rau thaum ua tau, tsis txhob them nws hauv lub tsheb kub. Kuv tus poj niam muaj 2018 MacBook uas nyob ntawm 62% kev noj qab haus huv vim nws ua haujlwm nyuaj. Tag nrho cov voj voog txhua hnub, tso nws them ib hmos, siv nws ntawm nws ceg tawv thaum nws kub. Yuav ua li cas koj kho lub roj teeb tseem ceeb heev.
Cov cathode degrades ib yam nkaus. Siab -nickel NMC tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis zoo. Saum toj no 4.3V lub cathode nto pib reacting nrog electrolyte. Kev hloov pauv hlau ions (nickel, manganese, cobalt) tuaj yeem yaj thiab txav mus rau qhov anode uas lawv cuam tshuam SEI. Tseem muaj qhov no hu ua cathode densification qhov twg cov qauv siv lead ua maj mam compacts thiab poob porosity.
Tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov no tiag tiag. Nws tsuas yog chemistry xwb. Entropy yeej ib txwm yeej.
Teeb meem 2: Kub ua kom puas txhua yam
Hauv qab 0℃cov electrolyte tau nkig zoo li zib ntab txias. Kev thauj ion qeeb qeeb. Koj poob tej zaum 20-30% muaj peev xwm ntawm -10℃. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj sim ceev kom them lub roj teeb txias koj yuav phaj hlau lithium ntawm lub anode es tsis txhob intercalating nws. Uas tsim dendrites - koob zoo li cov qauv ntawm lithium hlau uas tuaj yeem loj hlob thiab nws thiaj li tho qhov sib cais. Sab hauv luv. Hluav taws.
Tshaj 40-45 degree, tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam degradation nrawm. Txoj cai ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo: txhua 10℃nce ob npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li lub roj teeb ntawm 45℃degrades txog 4x sai dua ntawm 25℃.
Kuv nyob Texas. Lub caij ntuj sov kub ntaus 100℃F + (38℃+). Kuv tau pom EV roj teeb uas poob 15% muaj peev xwm hauv 3 xyoos tsuas yog los ntawm tshav kub. Meanwhile EVs hauv Minnesota NW nyuam qhuav degrade nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov - tab sis poob ntau yam nyob rau lub caij ntuj no vim txias. Yeej tsis tau.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub yog li 20-25 degree. Hmoov zoo tuav qhov ntawd hauv lub ntiaj teb tiag.
Teeb meem 3: Kev them nyiaj ceev yog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim
Txhua tus xav tau 10-feeb EV them li lub chaw nres tsheb roj. Tab sis thawb lub zog loj los ntawm lub roj teeb ua kom sov. I²R poob - tam sim no squared zaus kuj. Qhov tsis kam yog me me tab sis tsis xoom. Ntawm 250kW them koj tab tom tsim hluav taws xob tseem ceeb.
Tsis tas li ntawd them ceev ceev stresses cov ntaub ntawv electrode mechanically. Force ions txav ceev los ntawm cov qauv. Yuav ua rau tawg thiab particle tawg thaum lub sij hawm.
Tesla Superchargers (V3) tuaj yeem ua 250kW ncov. Tab sis lawv taper cia ceev. Tej zaum 250kW rau 5 feeb, ces 150kW, ces 100kW, ces 50kW. Qhov ntawd yog BMS tiv thaiv cov hlwb.
Tshiab 800V tshuab los ntawm Porsche thiab Hyundai tuaj yeem ua tau 350kW. Tab sis tsuas yog luv luv xwb. Physics yog physics.
Muaj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ceev -them- cov qauv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Thinner electrodes, me me, coatings zoo dua. Nws pab. Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem dag cov thermodynamics.
Teeb meem 4: Hluav taws kub
Lithium -Ion roj teeb tsis tshua muaj hluav taws kub. Txoj kev tsawg tshaj li cov tsheb roj av. Tab sis thaum lawv ua nws yog dramatically.
Thermal khiav. Thaum ib lub xovtooj tsoo qhov kub tseem ceeb - txawv ntawm chemistry, tej zaum 150-200℃- exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib. SEI decomposes. Separator melts. Electrolyte boils. Cathode tso tawm oxygen. Txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua kom sov uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua. Positive feedback loop.
Koj tsis tuaj yeem tua nws nrog dej zoo li hluav taws kub. Kuv txhais tau tias koj tuaj yeem pov cov dej rau nws kom txias tab sis lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua kom muaj cua sov sab hauv. Cov chaw tua hluav taws ntxub EV hluav taws. Siv sij hawm los tso tawm. Yuav kav tom qab.
Cov hlwb niaj hnub no muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo li. Shutdown separators uas kaw thaum cua sov. Cov cua txias. Tam sim no cuam tshuam. Thermal fuses. Ntxiv rau BMS saib txhua yam.
Tseem muaj qee zaum txawm li cas los xij. Ua cov xov xwm txhua zaus txawm hais tias EVs muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li roj tsheb. PR teeb meem.
Teeb meem 5: Cobalt ethics
70% ntawm cobalt los ntawm DRC. Muaj ntau ntawm nws los ntawm artisanal mines nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev ua haujlwm rau menyuam yaus. Kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig. Nws yog ib qho mess.
Txhua tus tau sim siv cobalt tsawg dua. High-nickel NMC siv tsawg heev. LFP siv xoom. Tab sis cobalt stabilize lub cathode qauv. Yog tsis muaj nws koj xav tau zoo dua thermal tswj thiab stricter voltage txwv.
Cov nqi cobalt kuj vwm. Nyob rau hauv $30k/ton hauv 2016. Spiked rau $90k+ hauv 2018. Crashed rau $25k hauv 2020. Tam sim no nyob ib ncig ntawm $35k/ton. Koj npaj ntau npaum li cas thaum koj cov khoom siv raw khoom hloov pauv 3x?
Teeb meem 6: Supply chain chaos
Lithium tus nqi tau mus rau qhov tseem ceeb hauv 2021-2022. $6k/ton hauv 2020. Peaked zoo li $80k/ton thaum lig 2022. Crashed rau $12k/ton hauv 2024. Tam sim no nyob ib ncig ntawm $15k/ton hauv 2025.
Feem ntau lithium yog los ntawm Australia (hard pob zeb mining) los yog South America (brine extraction los ntawm ntsev flats nyob rau hauv Chile / Argentina / Bolivia - lub "lithium daim duab peb sab"). Tab sis feem ntau kev ua haujlwm tshwm sim hauv Suav teb. Zoo li 75% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lithium refining muaj peev xwm.
Tuam Tshoj kuj tseem tswj cov roj teeb tsim tawm - 75% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cell ntau lawm. Thiab 90% ntawm cov khoom siv anode (graphite ua).
Qhov no yog vim li cas Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Europe tab tom sib tsoo los tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Tab sis nws qeeb. Siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los tsim lub gigafactory. Siv sijhawm ntev dua los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab saud.
Roj teeb - qib lithium yuav tsum yog cov ntshiab ntshiab. Tsawg dua 0.01% impurities. Qhov kev ua kom zoo li no tsis pheej yig lossis nrawm.
Vim li cas peb daig nrog lithium-ion (rau tam sim no)
Txawm hais tias txhua yam kuv nyuam qhuav yws txog, lithium -ion tseem yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam.
Lub zog ceev: 250-300 Wh / kg ntawm qib cell. Tej zaum 160-180 Wh / kg ntawm pob qib tom qab ntxiv txias thiab qauv thiab BMS. Qhov ntawd txaus rau 300+ mais EVs yam tsis muaj qhov hnyav hnyav.
Sib piv:
Lead{0}}acid: 30-50 Wh/kg (hnyav li fuck)
NiMH: 60-120 Wh / kg (yuav ua li cas Prius siv)
NiCd: 40-60 Wh / kg (kuj tshuaj lom, feem ntau phased tawm)
Manufacturing yog mature. Kaum ob tus neeg muab khoom. Ntau gigafactories. Tsim cov chains khoom. Economics ntawm scale.
Tesla lub Nevada gigafactory lub hom phiaj 35 GWh / xyoo. Qhov ntawd txaus rau 500k + EVs. CATL hauv Suav teb tseem ntau dua - Kuv xav tias 200+ GWh/xyoo? Tej zaum 300? Kuv yuav tsum tau kuaj.
Tag nrho cov kev tsim kho vaj tse suav tias yog lithium{0}}ion ib yam nkaus. Cov qauv them nqi (CCS, NACS, CHAdeMO). BMS algorithms. Cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb. Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab. Tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm chemistry yam tsis rov tsim dua txhua yam.
Dab tsi yuav hloov nws thaum kawg
Khoom - lub xeev roj teeb:Hloov cov kua electrolyte nrog cov khoom siv ceramic lossis iav lossis sulfide khoom. Qhov zoo: tsis muaj qhov xau, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws kub, tej zaum siv lithium hlau anodes kom muaj zog ntau dua.
QuantumScape, Khoom Lub Zog, Toyota, Samsung - txhua tus ua haujlwm rau nws. QuantumScape thov 800 Wh/kg hauv lab hlwb nrog 800+ cycles. Txaus siab yog tias muaj tseeb.
Teeb meem: Interface kuj ntawm cov khoom electrolyte thiab electrodes. Ua kom muaj kev sib cuag zoo tshaj ntau txhiab lub voj voog raws li cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav / daim ntawv cog lus. Feem ntau cov khoom electrolytes yog nkig - dendrites tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm lawv. Manufacturing ntawm scale yog kiag li unproven.
Kuv tsis ntseeg tias peb yuav pom qhov no hauv cov tsheb loj ua ntej 2030. Tej zaum 2028 yog tias ib tug neeg muaj kev tawg. Tab sis tej zaum tom qab. Kuv tau hnov "khoom-xeev yog 5 xyoo tseg" rau 10 xyoo dhau los.
Lithium{0}}sulfur:Theoretical zog ceev ntawm 2600 Wh / kg. Sulfur yog pheej yig thiab ntau.
Teeb meem: polysulfide shuttle effect. Cov khoom nruab nrab yaj hauv electrolyte ua rau muaj peev xwm ploj mus sai. Tom qab 50 cycles lub roj teeb yog toast.
Qhov no tau "yuav daws tau" rau 20+ xyoo. Tseem tsis muaj.
Sodium -Ion:Qhov tseeb tshwm sim tam sim no. CATL pib tsim tawm xyoo 2023. BYD tab tom ua haujlwm rau nws.
Sodium yog nyob txhua qhov chaw (seawater). Txoj kev pheej yig dua lithium. Siv tau cov cuab yeej tsim khoom zoo sib xws.
Tab sis lub zog ceev qis dua: 150-160 Wh / kg vs 250-300 rau lithium-ion.
Ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau kev khaws cia thiab nyiaj txiag EVs. Tsis hloov lithium-ion hauv cov khoom lag luam zoo txhua lub sijhawm sai sai.
Lithium hlau anodes:Siv lithium hlau es tsis txhob graphite. Khaws cov kua electrolyte. Muaj peev xwm ntaus 400-500 Wh / kg ntawm qib cell.
Teeb meem Dendrite tseem muaj. Txhua leej txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov tshuaj - txheej, electrolyte additives, thiab lwm yam. Peb yuav pom leej twg ua tau zoo ua ntej.
Oh thiablithium polymer roj teeb- tej zaum yuav hais txog cov ntawd. Lawv siv gel lossis khoom polymer electrolyte es tsis txhob ua kua. thinner, sib dua, hloov tau ntau dua. Koj lub pob ntseg wireless tej zaum yuav muaj ib qho. Kev nyab xeeb me ntsis dua li cov kua tab sis lub zog ntom ntom yog hais txog tib yam. Nws tseem yog lithium-ion tech, tsuas yog ntim txawv. Cov tuam tsev lag luam nyiam hu lawv "LiPo" zoo li nws yog qee qhov kev hloov pauv. Tsis yog.
