Cov khoom siv Anode yog dab tsi?

Cov khoom siv anode yog cov khoom siv tsis zoo electrode hauv cov roj teeb uas oxidation tshwm sim thaum tawm, tso cov electrons uas ntws mus rau cathode los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud. Hauv cov roj teeb lithium-ion roj teeb, cov khoom siv anode khaws cov lithium ions thaum lub sijhawm them thiab tso tawm thaum tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv no ncaj qha txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub roj teeb nrog rau kev them nqi ceev, lub zog cia, lub neej voj voog, thiab kev nyab xeeb kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv anode feem ntau yog graphite, uas suav txog kwv yees li 98% ntawm kev lag luam lithium-ion roj teeb, txawm tias silicon- lwm txoj hauv kev tau tshwm sim rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dua.

Lub roj teeb anodes cia siab rau cov tsev neeg cov khoom sib txawv, txhua qhov muab kev ua lag luam sib txawv -offs rau cov ntawv thov siv hluav taws xob.

Graphite dominates coj mus muag lithium{0}}ion roj teeb ntau lawm, suav txog kwv yees li 98% ntawm lub lag luam anode raws li xyoo 2024. Cov pa roj carbon no - cov khoom siv khaws cia lithium ions ntawm nws cov ntawv graphene txheej thaum them nyiaj. Ntuj graphite, muab rho tawm los ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av, muab lub peev xwm siab ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom qis dua tab sis muaj kev paub txog kev nthuav dav thaum them nqi - tawm mus. Synthetic graphite undergoes high-kub kho mob siab tshaj 2,500 degree, tsim kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau hauv cov qauv uas ntev roj teeb lifespan thiab pab kom them sai dua los ntawm ntau lithium{10}} txoj kev ion.

Lub peev xwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm graphite zaum ntawm 372 mAh / g, ua tiav thaum ib qho lithium ion ua ke nrog rau 6 carbon atoms hauv lub xeev lithiated tag nrho (LiC₆). Thaum cov tuam txhab lag luam tau mus txog qhov kev txwv no los ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua kom zoo, graphite lub peev xwm qab nthab tau thawb kev lag luam los tshawb nrhiav ntau dua - lwm txoj kev ua tau zoo.

Silicon sawv cev rau qhov kev cog lus siab tshaj plaws - muaj peev xwm hloov pauv, khaws cia 4.4 lithium ions ib silicon atom piv rau graphite's 6: 1 carbon- rau - lithium ratio. Qhov no atomic - theem kom zoo dua txhais tau hais tias muaj peev xwm tshaj 3,600 mAh / g- kwv yees li kaum npaug ntawm graphite qhov siab tshaj plaws.

Qhov kev sib tw yog nyob rau hauv silicon lub ntim expansion. Thaum lub sij hawm lithiation, silicon hais swell los ntawm kwv yees li 300-400% ntawm lawv qhov loj me. Qhov kev nthuav dav no ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov khoom siv uas tawg cov khoom, tawg cov hluav taws xob sib txuas, thiab ua rau muaj peev xwm degradation sai. Thaum ntxov ntshiab silicon anodes poob feem ntau muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv 10 lub voj voog.

Cov kev lag luam tam sim no muab silicon nrog graphite hauv cov qauv sib xyaw. POSCO Yav Tom Ntej M tau qhia txog silicon-carbon anode nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 2025 muab tsib zaug graphite lub peev xwm khaws cia, nrog rau kev tsim khoom loj rau xyoo 2027. LG Energy Solution tau dhau los ua thawj cov chaw tsim khoom siv 5% silicon-doped anodes rau tsheb hluav taws xob hauv 2019. Cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm licondes 2024 nyob rau hauv 2024. hnyav los tswj kev nthuav dav teeb meem thaum boosting zog ceev.

LTO anodes ua haujlwm ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntau dua (nyob ib puag ncig 1.55V vs. Li/Li⁺) piv rau graphite ze rau -zero peev xwm. Qhov kev tso tawm qhov hluav taws xob no tiv thaiv lithium dendrite tsim- cov xov hlau uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov roj teeb sib cais thiab ua rau luv luv. Cov khoom siv tswj kev ruaj ntseg thaum caij tsheb kauj vab nrog qhov hloov pauv me me, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev nyab xeeb - cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb hauv cov dav hlau thiab cov neeg caij nkoj.

Kev lag luam tawm - tawm los ntawm lub zog ceev. LTO lub zog ua haujlwm siab dua txo qhov hluav taws xob tag nrho ntawm tes thaum ua ke nrog cov qauv cathodes, txwv lub peev xwm. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2024 hauv Energy & Environmental Materials tau hais txog LTO txoj kev siv hauv kev nyab xeeb heev -xav tau cov xwm txheej uas nws txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm thermal runaway ntau dua qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lub zog.

Lithium hlau anodes thawb lub peev xwm theoretical mus rau 3,860 mAh / g- dhau kaum npaug ntawm graphite qhov txwv. Ntau dua li khaws cia lithium ions nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev qauv, lithium hlau anodes electrodeposit lithium ncaj qha mus rau saum npoo thaum them nyiaj. LG Energy Solution npaj los qhia txog lithium hlau anodes nyob rau hauv qis - muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm los ntawm lig 2027, nthuav mus rau siab dua - daim ntawv thov muaj peev xwm tom qab ntawd.

Kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab- hom anodes siv hlau oxides thiab phosphides, alloy-raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas suav nrog tin thiab germanium, thiab cov organic anode compounds. Cov no tseem nyob hauv cov theem kev loj hlob txij li xyoo 2025.

Anode Material

Anode ntau lawm suav nrog ntau cov kauj ruam precision tsis hais hom khoom siv.

Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos tau muab sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov khoom siv anode, tom qab ntawd hauv av rau hauv cov hmoov zoo thiab sib xyaw nrog cov khoom sib txuas thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los tsim cov slurries. Rau graphite anodes, manufacturers tsho tiv no slurry mus rau tooj liab ntawv ci tam sim no collectors. Cov coated foils dhau los ntawm qhov cub kom qhuav kom tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab ruaj ntseg cov khoom adhesion. Cov txheej txheem calendering compresses thiab smooths lub txheej los ntawm cov chais, kom ntseeg tau cov tuab tuab thiab zoo adhesion.

Silicon-graphite composites xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv los tswj cov ntim ntim. Cov txheej txheem qib siab suav nrog nanostructuring silicon rau hauv cov lus hauv qab 100 nanometers, txheej silicon nrog carbon plhaub kom txwv kev nthuav dav, thiab embedding silicon hauv ntxeem tau graphite matrices. Cov tshuaj vapor deposition txoj kev tuaj yeem tsim cov nano zoo li - nplai silicon dispersed nyob rau hauv cov qauv carbon, tab sis ntawm ntau ntau complexity.

Anode Material

Cov khoom siv zoo anode yuav tsum ua tau raws li ntau qhov kev sib tw.

Tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm: Cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm khaws ntau lub zog rau ib chav tsev qhov hnyav. Thaum graphite maxes tawm ib ncig ntawm 360 mAh / g hauv kev xyaum, silicon -carbon composites tam sim no xa 450-500 mAh / g ntawm kev lag luam nplai.

Hluav taws xob conductivity: Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau kev txav hluav taws xob txaus kom txo qis zog poob. Graphite zoo heev conductivity ua rau nws zoo tagnrho, thaum ntshiab silicon yuav tsum tau carbon additives los yog coatings kom tswj tau tam sim no ntws.

Kev ruaj ntseg: Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau rov ua dua lithium tso thiab rho tawm yam tsis muaj degradation. Graphite tswj cov qauv zoo, tab sis silicon qhov nthuav dav yuav tsum muaj cov qauv sib xyaw kom tsis txhob tawg.

First Cycle Efficiency: Lub voj voog pib pib ua ib qho khoom -electrolyte interphase (SEI) txheej uas siv lithium irreversibly. Tsawg dua thawj - voj voog efficiency txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm tsawg dua. Graphite feem ntau ua tiav 90-93% kev ua haujlwm pib, thaum cov ntaub ntawv silicon keeb kwm lag luam ntawm 70-85%.

Lub neej voj voog: Cov roj teeb lag luam tsom 800-1,200 lub voj voog them nrog 80% muaj peev xwm tuav tau. Graphite yooj yim tshaj qhov ntsuas no. Silicon-carbon composites tau txhim kho los ntawm 300-500 cycles mus rau 800-1,200 cycles los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tiav qib siab tsim los ntawm 2023-2025.

Cov khoom lag luam anode tau ncav cuag $ 3.5 nphom hauv 2024 thiab cov phiaj xwm mus txog $ 14.7 nphom los ntawm 2034, loj hlob ntawm 15.7% txhua xyoo raws li InsightAce Analytics. Qhov kev nthuav dav no ncaj qha nrog kev siv lub tsheb hluav taws xob thiab daim phiaj - teev lub zog cia xa mus.

Cov ntaub ntawv anode sawv cev rau 10-15% ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb nqi ntawm tes, piv rau cov ntaub ntawv cathode '30-40% feem. Xyoo 2024, cov roj teeb pob cov nqi poob 20% rau $ 115 / kWh-qhov poob qis tshaj plaws txij li xyoo 2017. BloombergNEF ntaus nqi qhov no rau kev tsim khoom ntawm tes, kev lag luam ntawm cov nplai, thiab cov nqi hlau qis dua.Lithium roj teeb nqiHauv Suav teb mus txog $ 94 / kWh, thaum US thiab European tus nqi khiav 31% thiab 48% siab dua.

Tus nqi siab no cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv anode kev lag luam. Ntuj graphite raug nqi tsawg dua li cov khoom sib txawv vim qhov kev xav tau qis dua. Silicon-carbon composites tam sim no raug nqi kwv yees li 750,000 CNY ib tonne hauv Suav teb, yuav tsum tau txo mus rau 110,000-170,000 CNY ib tonne rau kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv graphite ntawm 50,000-80,000 CNY ib tonne.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nqi anode thiab cov nqi roj teeb ua rau muaj kev sib txawv. Raws li cov tuam txhab roj teeb nyem cov npoo los tswj kev lag luam hauv xyoo 2025, lub zog hloov mus rau cov khoom siv. Anode manufacturers teb los ntawm optimizing ntau lawm efficiency thiab nrhiav tom ntej no - cov ntaub ntawv tiam uas ua pov thawj tus nqi hwm los ntawm kev ua tau zoo.

Cov khoom siv raw cov nqi hloov pauv loj heev. Lithium carbonate cov nqi poob los ntawm $ 70,000 ib tonne hauv 2022 mus rau qis dua $ 15,000 hauv 2024. Thaum cov khoom siv cathode muaj ntau lithium, cov nqi swings tseem cuam tshuam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab cov saw hlau cuam tshuam.

Tuam Tshoj dominates anode cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm, tsim kom muaj concentration txaus ntshai uas ua rau ob lub US Department of Energy thiab European Commission los teev ntuj graphite raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb. Xyoo 2024, Suav tuam txhab lag luam suav txog kwv yees li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb graphite anode tso zis.

Western ntau lawm muaj peev xwm nthuav tab sis tseem txwv. Cov neeg tsim khoom hauv North American zoo li Syrah Resources, Northern Graphite, thiab Nouveau Monde tab tom tsim cov khoom lag luam, xws li European players xws li Talga Resources thiab Vianode. Cov kev siv zog no ntsib cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov nqi tsim khoom hauv Suav teb thaum ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Raws li SMM cov txheeb cais, Tuam Tshoj tus graphite anode ntau lawm mus txog 1.845 lab tonnes hauv 2024, nce 14% xyoo-tshaj - xyoo. Artificial graphite sawv cev rau 90.6% ntawm qhov ntim no raws li cov tuam txhab siv cov thev naus laus zis zoo li txuas ntxiv graphitization los tswj cov nqi. Ntuj graphite export txwv tsis pub tsav qee tus neeg siv khoom txawv teb chaws mus rau cov khoom siv graphite, ntxiv rau nws txoj kev lag luam.

Cov ntawv thov sib txawv xav tau cov yam ntxwv sib txawv anode.

Cov roj teeb tsheb hluav taws xob muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog ceev thiab them ceev ceev. Silicon-doped graphite anodes pab txuas ntxiv kev tsav tsheb, nrog cov ntsiab lus silicon maj mam nce ntxiv raws li qhov ntim nthuav dav ntxiv txhim kho. Tesla, BMW, thiab lwm cov tuam txhab tsheb tau tshaj tawm kev koom tes nrog cov neeg tsim khoom silicon anode rau kev siv ntawm 2025-2027.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib npaug ntawm lub zog ntom ntom nrog lub voj voog lub neej thiab kev nyab xeeb. Smartphones thiab laptops feem ntau siv optimized graphite anodes uas tso siab tau xa 500-1,000 nqi cycles thoob plaws ntau xyoo ntawm kev siv.

Daim phiaj- teev lub zog khaws cia cov tshuab hais txog lub neej voj voog thiab tus nqi ntau dua lub zog vim qhov chaw tsis muaj teeb meem tsawg dua. Cov ntawv thov no feem ntau siv LFP (lithium hlau phosphate) cathodes ua ke nrog graphite anodes ntev - lub sij hawm ruaj khov. Qee qhov kev teeb tsa tshawb nrhiav LTO anodes qhov twg kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua neej nyob ntev ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua.

Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Scientific Reports nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 2024 qhia bio-raws li anode ntau lawm los ntawm catalytic graphitization ntawm biochar. Siv lub trimetallic hybrid catalyst (nickel, hlau, thiab manganese), cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav 89.28% graphitization℃thiab 73.95% hloov pauv tus nqi, muab kev hloov pauv mus rau roj av-raws li graphite.

Nanostructuring nce qib txuas ntxiv txhim kho silicon anode kev ua tau zoo. Cov txheej txheem suav nrog kev tsim cov silicon nanowires sib koom ua ke rau cov khoom siv tam sim no, encapsulating silicon hauv graphene plhaub, thiab tsim cov tub ntxhais - plhaub particle qauv. Group14 Technologies patented ib silicon -carbon composite enabling 50% ntau dua volumetric zog ceev dua cov pa graphite.

Nto txheej thev naus laus zis nyob SEI txheej tsis ruaj khov. Advanced binders zoo li polyacrylic acid thiab carboxymethyl cellulose zoo dua kom haum silicon lub ntim hloov piv rau cov tshuaj polyvinylidene fluoride. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab tshiab pab tsim cov txheej txheem SEI ruaj khov uas tiv thaiv kev tawg thaum lub sij hawm nthuav dav - kev sib cog lus.

Anode Material

Kev nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv anode yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas cov kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo uas txiav txim siab tiag tiag -cov roj teeb hauv ntiaj teb.

Lub roj teeb smartphone ib txwm muaj kwv yees li 15-20 grams ntawm cov khoom siv anode. Siv graphite ntawm 350 mAh / g lub peev xwm tiag tiag, qhov no muab txog 5.25-7 Wh ntawm lub roj teeb tag nrho. Hloov mus rau 10% silicon composite ntawm 450 mAh / g yuav txhawb qhov no mus rau 6.75-9 Wh-kwv yees li 20-25% nce.

Lub peev xwm them ceev ceev nyob ntawm cov khoom siv anode. Graphite tuaj yeem lees txais tus nqi them nqi ib puag ncig 1C (tag nrho them hauv ib teev), nrog rau cov qauv tsim siab txog 2-3C. Silicon cov ntaub ntawv cog lus txawm tias tus nqi siab dua vim lithium cov txheej txheem deg deposition es tsis yog solid-state diffusion los ntawm graphite txheej.

Qhov kub thiab txias ua haujlwm txawv ntawm cov khoom siv. Graphite anodes pheej hmoo lithium plating ntawm kub hauv qab 0 degree, qhov twg lithium deposits li hlau es tsis intercalating kom zoo. Qhov no tsim kev nyab xeeb. LTO tswj kev ua tau zoo mus rau -30 degree, ua rau nws haum rau kev siv huab cua txias txawm tias qis zog.

Cov tuam txhab roj teeb ntsuas cov khoom siv anode los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai. Tsim cov voj voog ntawm 0.1C tsim cov peev txheej hauv paus thiab SEI txheej txheej. Kev ntsuas muaj peev xwm ntsuas tus nqi thiab tso tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua (0.5C, 1C, 2C, 3C) los ntsuas kev xa hluav taws xob. Kev ntsuas lub neej voj voog khiav ntau pua mus rau txhiab tus nqi - lub voj voog tawm ntawm cov nqi thiab qhov kub thiab txias.

Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws suav nrog X-ray diffraction rau kev tsom xam cov qauv siv lead ua, luam theej duab electron microscopy rau particle morphology, thiab electrochemical impedance spectroscopy rau kev nkag siab txog kev tiv thaiv thiab them nqi hloov kinetics. Cov kev ntsuas no pab cov tuam txhab ua kom zoo dua qhov loj me, cov duab, thaj chaw saum npoo, thiab txheej txheej.

Particle loj faib tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom loj dua txo qhov chaw, txwv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kinetics tab sis txhim kho thawj zaug - voj voog efficiency. Cov khoom me me nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tab sis tsim ntau thaj chaw rau qhov tsis xav tau sab nraud. Cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau tsom cov kev faib loj tshwj xeeb rau lawv daim ntawv thov, feem ntau hauv 10-20 micrometer ntau yam rau graphite.

Cov ntaub ntawv anode teb txuas ntxiv mus sai sai thaum lub roj teeb xav tau loj hlob. Graphite yuav zoo li tseem nyob hauv lub sijhawm nruab nrab vim nws cov nqi zoo thiab cov khoom lag luam paub tab. Silicon kev koom ua ke nce zuj zus thaum cov tuam txhab daws teeb meem nthuav dav. Tom ntej no - cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm xws li lithium hlau tos hauv kev tsim cov kav dej rau kev daws teeb meem rau lawv cov teeb meem kev lag luam.

Ntsiab Cai

Cov ntaub ntawv anode tsim cov electrode tsis zoo hauv cov roj teeb uas muaj oxidation, nrog graphite tam sim no dominating ntawm 98% kev lag luam feem vim nws 372 mAh / g muaj peev xwm thiab tus nqi -effectiveness

Silicon muaj 10x siab dua theoretical muaj peev xwm ntawm 3, 600+ mAh / g tab sis ntsib 300-400% ntim nthuav dav cov kev sib tw uas txwv kev lag luam silicon cov ntsiab lus qis dua 8% hauv cov qauv sib xyaw raws li xyoo 2025

Cov nqi roj teeb poob 20% hauv xyoo 2024 txog $ 115 / kWh, nrog cov khoom siv anode sawv cev 10-15% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi roj teeb thiab muaj cov nqi siab raws li cov tuam txhab sib tw ntawm cov npoo.

Kev lag luam anode cov ntaub ntawv tau kwv yees kom loj hlob los ntawm $ 3.5 nphom hauv 2024 txog $ 14.7 nphom los ntawm 2034, uas tau tsav los ntawm kev siv tsheb fais fab thiab lub zog cia nthuav dav.

Tom ntej no -cov ntaub ntawv tiam neeg suav nrog siab-silicon composites thiab lithium hlau anodes lub hom phiaj kev lag luam ntawm 2025-2027, nrog rau cov tuam txhab loj xws li LG Energy Solution thiab POSCO Future M ua kev txhim kho