Dab tsi yog Organic Electrolyte?

Ib qho organic electrolyte yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem uas cov organic tebchaw ua cov kuab tshuaj rau cov ntsev yaj. Cov electrolytes no tso cai rau ion thauj ntawm electrodes hauv roj teeb los ntawm kev siv cov pa roj carbon-raws li cov kuab tshuaj xws li ethylene carbonate los yog dimethyl carbonate, es tsis yog dej los yog cov ntaub ntawv inorganic.

Yog hais tias koj twb puas tau xavdab tsi yog lithium roj teebua los ntawm, cov electrolyte zaum ntawm lub plawv ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Lithium- roj teeb ion nyob ntawm cov organic electrolytes kom xa cov lithium ions ntawm cathode thiab anode thaum lub sij hawm them thiab tawm mus. Yog tsis muaj cov kua nruab nrab no, lub roj teeb tsuas yog yuav tsis ua haujlwm.

Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li lithium ntsev-feem ntau lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)-kua nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm organic solvents. Qhov no tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem nrog cov ionic conductivity siab uas tso cai rau cov roj ntsha lithium ions txav tau yooj yim thaum tiv thaiv electron ntws, uas yuav ua rau luv luv.

Kev lag luam lithium-ion roj teeb siv cov organic ntau dua li aqueous (dej-}raws li) electrolytes rau qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb: cov kuab tshuaj organic tseem nyob ruaj khov ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 4.5 volts, thaum dej decomposes saum 1.23 volts ntawm chav tsev kub. Qhov zoo dua qhov hluav taws xob no txhais ncaj qha rau hauv cov roj teeb uas muaj zog dua.

Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov organic electrolytes sib txawv raws li daim ntawv thov, tab sis ob peb cov kuab tshuaj tswj hwm:

Cyclic Carbonates:

Ethylene carbonate (EC) muab siab dielectric tas li thiab zoo heev ntsev solubility, txawm hais tias nws yog khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.

Propylene carbonate (PC) tseem ua kua tab sis tuaj yeem ua rau graphite exfoliation hauv qee cov khoom siv anode

Vinylene carbonate (VC) feem ntau tshwm los ua ib qho ntxiv los txhim kho electrode stability

Linear Carbonates:

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) muaj cov viscosity tsawg rau kev thauj ion zoo dua

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) sib npaug conductivity thiab kev nyab xeeb

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ua ke cov khoom ntawm DMC thiab DEC

Feem ntau cov qauv kev lag luam sib xyaw cyclic thiab linear carbonates. Cov txheej txheem sib tov yuav muaj 30% EC nrog 70% DEC, tsim cov kua nrog ob qho tib si siab conductivity thiab tsim nyog viscosity. Lub ntiaj teb lithium-ion roj teeb electrolyte hnyav ua lag luam tau txog $ 10.55 nphom hauv xyoo 2024 thiab tau kwv yees tias yuav loj hlob mus txog $ 28.12 nphom los ntawm 2034, qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no.

Ether-Raws li cov kuab tshuaj:

1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) muab kev ruaj ntseg nrog lithium hlau anodes

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) muaj viscosity tsawg

1,3-dioxolane txhim kho kev caij tsheb kauj vab

Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov kua ionic uas muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Cov ntsev molten no tseem ua kua nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab muaj zero vapor siab, ua rau lawv nonflammable. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov viscosity siab dua txo cov ionic conductivity piv rau cov pa organic solvents.

Lub tshuab ua haujlwm yog ncaj nraim tab sis elegant. Thaum tso tawm, lithium ions ntawm lub anode tso rau hauv electrolyte thiab tsiv mus rau cathode. Cov hluav taws xob, tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov electrolyte, taug kev los ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud - cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no yog cov hluav taws xob uas siv hluav taws xob.

Cov electrolyte yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li ntau qhov kev sib tw. Nws xav tau tsawg viscosity rau ceev ion zog, siab dielectric tas li kom dissociate lub lithium ntsev, dav electrochemical stability qhov rais los tiv thaiv decomposition, thiab tshuaj stability nrog ob electrodes. Nrhiav cov khoom uas sib npaug tag nrho cov khoom no tseem nyuaj.

Ib qho tshwm sim tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw electrode: tsim cov khoom electrolyte interphase (SEI). Thaum lub roj teeb thawj zaug, cov electrolyte ib nrab decomposes ntawm anode nto, tsim ib txheej nyias nyias. Qhov SEI no tso cai rau lithium ions hla thaum thaiv cov hluav taws xob thiab tiv thaiv cov electrolyte decomposition ntxiv. Qhov zoo thiab ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej no cuam tshuam rau roj teeb lifespan thiab kev nyab xeeb.

Organic Electrolyte

Kev xaiv ntawm cov organic thiab aqueous electrolytes muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam. Aqueous systems muab ionic conductivity ntau dua - dej molecules txav ions zoo dua li cov kuab tshuaj organic. Lawv kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, pheej yig dua, thiab yooj yim dua los tuav vim dej tsis muaj hluav taws kub los yog tshuaj lom.

Tab sis qhov ntawd 1.23-volt stability qhov rais tua cov aqueous systems rau feem ntau daim ntaub ntawv. Cov roj teeb lithium-ion ua haujlwm ntawm 3.7 thiab 4.2 volts, zoo tshaj qhov dej tuaj yeem tiv taus. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau thawb lub tshuab aqueous mus rau 2.0-2.5 volts siv cov ntsev ntsev ntau heev, tab sis qhov no ua rau cov nqi kom zoo dua thiab qhia txog cov teeb meem tshiab.

Organic electrolytes dominate lub lag luam tsis yog vim lawv zoo meej, tab sis vim lawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws muaj kev xaiv rau siab -voltage applications. Lub zog ceev kom zoo dua tseem ceeb heev -nws yog qhov txawv ntawm lub tsheb fais fab nrog 100-mais ntau yam piv rau 300-mais ntau.

Lub ntsiab drawback ntawm organic electrolytes yog flammability. Cov kuab tshuaj carbonate ignite tau yooj yim, thiab lithium-ion roj teeb hluav taws xob ua kom muaj cua sov. Thermal runaway- qhov twg cov cua sov sab hauv ua kom cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog uas tsim kom muaj cua sov ntau dua- tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws kub lossis tawg.

Ntau lub tswv yim daws qhov kev pheej hmoo no:

Nplaim-Retardant Additives:Ntxiv cov khoom sib xyaw xws li trimethyl phosphate lossis fluorinated cov kuab tshuaj txo cov nplaim taws. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2020 pom EC-raws li cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj hluav taws xob siv methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate. Cells siv cov qauv no tau khiav mus rau 100 lub voj voog ntawm 4.5V them nyiaj txiav tawm-cov xwm txheej uas feem ntau yuav ua rau cov pa electrolytes degrade.

Khoom-State Electrolytes:Hloov cov kua electrolytes nrog cov khoom siv (polymer lossis ceramics) tshem tawm cov nplaim taws tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom electrolytes ntsib cov teeb meem: qis ionic conductivity ntawm chav tsev kub, tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog electrodes, thiab brittleness. Cov thev naus laus zis qhia tau hais tias cov lus cog tseg tab sis tseem tsis tau ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej.

High -Kev Cuam Tshuam Electrolytes:Siv 3-5 molar ntsev concentrations hloov tus qauv 1 molar hloov cov qauv electrolyte. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuab muaj concentrated, tsawg dua cov kuab tshuaj molecules nyob twj ywm unbound, txo flammability thiab txhim kho stability. LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide) nyob rau hauv cov kev teeb tsa no tau pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo dua thaum tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Kev lag luam electrolyte tab tom muaj kev nthuav dav sai. Lub lag luam lithium roj teeb electrolyte sawv ntawm $ 5.8 nphom hauv 2025 thiab tau kwv yees kom ncav cuag $ 18.3 nphom los ntawm 2035, nthuav tawm qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 12.2%. Qhov kev loj hlob no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev siv tsheb fais fab thiab kab sib chaws- teev lub zog cia xa mus.

Asia Pacific dominates ntau lawm thiab noj, accounting rau kwv yees li 35% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam. Tuam Tshoj, tshwj xeeb, tau tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj heev los txhawb nws txoj kev lag luam roj teeb hauv tsev. Cov tuam txhab xws li Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology thiab Shenzhen Capchem Technology ua cov khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov ntu tsheb tsav tsheb xav tau- tsheb fais fab tam sim no siv roj teeb ntau dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov thim rov qab txawm tias tsib xyoos dhau los. Txhua lub EV roj teeb pob muaj ntau litres ntawm electrolyte, thiab thoob ntiaj teb EV muag khoom tshaj 14 lab units hauv 2023. Lub tsheb tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb mus rau electrolytes optimized rau lub neej ntev thiab dav kub ua haujlwm ntau dua li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog.

Cov lus qhia kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tau tias thaj chaw mus rau qhov twg. Ib thaj chaw muaj kev cia siab yog thaj chaw siab siab -kev sib xyaw electrolytes (LHCEs). Cov tshuab no siv ib qho me me ntawm cov tshuaj fluorinated kim heev los tsim ib qho chaw muaj zog hauv zos nyob ib ncig ntawm lithium ntsev, ces dilute qhov no nrog ib qho pheej yig dua, inert cosolvent. Cov txiaj ntsig sib xyaw ua ke cov txiaj ntsig ntawm siab - kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog ntau tus nqi tsim nyog thiab viscosity.

Lwm qhov kev sib tw suav nrog kev txiav SEI txheej los ntawm cov khoom siv electrolyte. Cov me me (1-5%) ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm electrode nto. Vinylene carbonate, piv txwv li, nyiam decomposes los tsim ib zaj duab xis SEI ruaj khov dua. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov chaw sim roj teeb tam sim no niaj hnub tshuaj xyuas ntau pua cov khoom siv ntxiv uas siv cov lej suav ua ntej kev sib txuas cov neeg sib tw zoo tshaj plaws.

Tag nrho -khoom- lub xeev cov roj teeb sawv cev qhov kev tawm mus tshaj plaws los ntawm kev siv tshuab tam sim no. Toyota, Samsung, thiab QuantumScape yog cov tuam txhab lag luam nqis peev ntau hauv cov khoom electrolytes. Yog tias ua tiav, cov tshuab no tuaj yeem muab lub zog ntom ntom 50% siab dua lithium tam sim no - ion roj teeb thaum tshem tawm qhov phom sij. Txawm li cas los xij, kev cov nyom ib puag ncig kev ruaj ntseg interface thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm qhov ntsuas tseem tsis tau daws.

Lithium txoj kev vam meej muaj cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws rau cov roj teeb sodium -ion. Sodium muaj ntau dua thiab pheej yig dua lithium, ua rau sodium -ion systems txaus nyiam rau qhov chaw ruaj khov uas qhov hnyav hnyav dua. Qhov xwm zoo: ntau cov organic electrolytes tsim rau lithium systems ua haujlwm txaus nrog sodium.

Cov kev sib tw sib txawv me ntsis. Sodium ions loj dua lithium ions, cuam tshuam rau kev thauj khoom thiab tsim SEI. Electrolytes xav tau kev hloov kho kom haum raws li qhov sib txawv no. Ester-raws li cov kuab tshuaj (xws li ethyl acetate lossis methyl propionate) qee zaum ua tau zoo nrog sodium dua li carbonate-raws li cov ua.

Kev lag luam sodium-ion roj teeb los ntawm cov tuam txhab xws li CATL tam sim no siv cov organic electrolytes zoo ib yam li lithium- ion systems, feem ntau sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) hauv cov carbonate sib tov. Cov thev naus laus zis tsis tau sib piv lithium-Ion kev ua tau zoo tsis tau, tab sis rau cov ntawv thov xws li chaw nyob hnub ci, "zoo txaus" ntawm tus nqi qis yuav yog "zoo dua."

Organic electrolytes tawm tsam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Hauv qab -20 degree, viscosity nce thiab lithium-ion thauj qeeb heev. Tshaj 60 degree, decomposition tshwm sim nrawm thiab roj teeb lifespan raug kev txom nyem.

Ether-raws li electrolytes feem ntau ua rau txias zoo dua li carbonate-raws li cov, txawm tias lawv txi qee qhov kev ruaj ntseg. Kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo 2024 pom tau tias sodium- roj teeb hlau ua haujlwm ntawm -40℃siv ua tib zoo tsim ether electrolytes. Qhov tseem ceeb muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev daws teeb meem cov qauv- yuav ua li cas cov kuab tshuaj molecules npaj nyob ib ncig ntawm ions-kom tswj tau ion txav mus los txawm tias txias.

Rau siab -kev siv kub, fluorinated ethers thiab phosphate esters muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo dua li cov qauv carbonates. Kev siv tub rog thiab aerospace qee zaum ua pov thawj tus nqi siab dua ntawm cov electrolytes tshwj xeeb.

Organic electrolytes tshwm nyob rau hauv roj teeb chemistry tshaj lithium-ion. Lithium- roj teeb sulfur, uas theoretically muab ntau zog zog ceev, yuav tsum tau electrolytes uas tiv thaiv polysulfide dissolution. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim tshwj xeeb ether-raws li electrolytes nrog additives xws li lithium nitrate los daws qhov no.

Organic flow batteries siv yaj cov organic sib txuas ua cov khoom siv es tsis yog cov khoom electrodes. Cov tshuab no siv electrolyte los ntawm lub roj teeb, cia lub zog muaj peev xwm los ntsuas nws tus kheej los ntawm lub zog tso zis. Quinones, viologens, thiab TEMPO derivatives yaj nyob rau hauv aqueous los yog organic electrolytes qhia cog lus rau daim phiaj - teev cia.

Zinc-cov roj teeb cua qee zaum siv cov organic electrolytes los tiv thaiv zinc dendrite tsim. Magnesium batteries- tseem muaj ntau nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb theem -xav tau cov electrolytes tshwj xeeb vim magnesium tsis tsim ib txheej passivating zoo li lithium ua.

Organic Electrolyte

Dej decomposes los ntawm electrolysis ntawm voltages saum 1.23V, ua hydrogen thiab oxygen gases. Lithium-Ion roj teeb ua haujlwm ntawm 3.7-4.2V, zoo tshaj qhov dej ruaj khov. Cov kuab tshuaj organic tseem nyob ruaj khov ntawm cov hluav taws xob siab dua, tso cai rau lub zog ntau dua rau ib chav tsev qhov hnyav.

Cov kuab tshuaj organic feem ntau siv hauv cov roj teeb -carbonates, ethers, esters- muaj cov pa roj carbon- hydrogen bonds uas nkag oxidize nyob rau hauv muaj oxygen thiab tshav kub. Thaum lub roj teeb nkag mus rau hauv thermal khiav, qhov kub thiab txias sab hauv tuaj yeem tshaj 150 degree, thaum lub sijhawm cov kuab tshuaj no ignite. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lithium ntsev thiab reactive electrode cov ntaub ntawv accelerates combustion ib zaug pib.

Electrolyte degradation txwv lub roj teeb lifespan rau kwv yees li 1000-2000 lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv, lossis 8-10 xyoo hauv tsheb fais fab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv decomposition tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm electrode nto, siv electrolyte thiab tsim cov txheej insulating. Kub, them tus nqi, thiab voltage ntau yam cuam tshuam rau degradation ceev-gentler pab ncua lub neej.

Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tam sim no tsom feem ntau ntawm kev rov qab cov hlau tseem ceeb xws li lithium, cobalt, thiab npib tsib xee los ntawm electrodes. Cov electrolyte feem ntau raug hlawv los yog tshuaj puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm siv hydrometallurgical. Qee txoj hauv kev tshiab tau sim rov qab los thiab ntxuav cov khoom siv electrolyte, tab sis qhov no tseem tsis tau muaj kev sib tw nrog kev tsim cov electrolyte tshiab los ntawm cov khoom siv roj av.

Cov organic electrolyte sawv cev rau ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis uas ua haujlwm zoo txaus uas lwm txoj kev tawm tsam kom tshem tawm nws, txawm tias muaj kev txwv. Khoom- lub xeev cov kab ke cog lus muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo dua, thiab cov tshuab aqueous muab tus nqi qis dua, tab sis cov organic kua electrolytes tam sim no muab qhov sib npaug zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tau zoo, lub zog ntom ntom, thiab kev tsim khoom. Rau yav tom ntej, txhua lub lithium-ion roj teeb uas siv peb lub xov tooj, laptops, thiab tsheb yuav muaj ntau milliliters ntawm cov pa roj carbon no-raws li ionic conductors ua lawv txoj haujlwm ntsiag to, tseem ceeb.